Monero
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article is about the cryptocurrency. For other uses, see Monero (disambiguation).
Monero
Monero-Logo.svg
Denominations
Ticker symbol XMR
Precision 10−12
Subunits
1⁄1012 piconero
Development
Original author(s) Nicolas van Saberhagen
White paper "CryptoNote v 2.0"
Initial release 18 April 2014 (6 years ago)
Latest release 0.17.1.7 / 15 December 2020 (43 days ago)
Code repository github.com/monero-project
Development status Active
Written in C++
Operating system Android, Windows, Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, Solaris
Source model Open source
License MIT License
Website getmonero.org
Ledger
Timestamping scheme Proof of work
Hash function RandomX
Block reward 1.26 XMR
Block time 2 minutes
Block explorer xmrchain.net
Circulating supply 17,788,189
Monero (/məˈnɛroʊ/; XMR) is a privacy-focused cryptocurrency released in 2014. It is an open-source protocol based on CryptoNote. It uses an obfuscated public ledger, meaning anyone can send or broadcast transactions, but no outside observer can tell the source, amount, or destination. A proof of work mechanism is used to issue new coins and incentivize miners to secure the network and validate transactions.
Monero uses different privacy-enhancing technologies to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It has attracted users desiring privacy measures that are not provided in more popular cryptocurrencies. However, it has also gained publicity for illicit use in darknet markets.
Contents
1 History
2 Privacy features
2.1 Ring signatures
2.2 Stealth addresses
2.3 Bulletproofs
2.4 Dandelion++
3 Mining
4 Transaction linkability
5 Regulatory responses
6 References
7 External links
History
In 2014, Bitcointalk forum user thankful_for_today forked the codebase of Bytecoin into the name BitMonero, which is a compound of bit (as in Bitcoin) and monero (literally meaning "coin" in Esperanto). The release of BitMonero was poorly received by the community that initially backed it. Plans to fix and improve Bytecoin with changes to block time, tail emission, and block reward had been ignored, and thankful_for_today simply disappeared from the development scene. A group of users led by Johnny Mnemonic decided that the community should take over the project, and five days later they did while also changing the name to Monero.
Due to its privacy features, Monero experienced rapid growth in market capitalization and transaction volume during 2016, much more than any other cryptocurrency that year. This growth was driven by its uptake in the darknet market, where people used it to buy stolen credit cards, guns, and drugs. Two major darknet markets were shut down in July 2017 by law enforcement. From the beginning, Monero has been used by people holding other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to break the link between transactions, with the other cryptocoins first converted to Monero, then after some delay converted back and sent to an address unrelated to those used before.
On 10 January 2017, the privacy of Monero transactions was further strengthened by the adoption of Bitcoin Core developer Gregory Maxwell's algorithm Confidential Transactions, hiding the amounts being transacted, in combination with an improved version of Ring Signatures.
After many online payment platforms shut down access for white nationalists following the Unite the Right rally in 2017, some of them, including Christopher Cantwell and Andrew Auernheimer ("weev"), started using and promoting Monero.
The operators behind the May 2017 global ransomware incident WannaCry converted their proceeds into Monero. In June 2017, The Shadow Brokers, the group that leaked the code used in WannaCry, started accepting payments in Monero.
Malicious hackers have previously embedded Monero mining code into websites and apps seeking profit for themselves. In late 2017, malware and antivirus service providers blocked a JavaScript implementation of Monero miner Coinhive that was embedded in websites and apps, in some cases by hackers. Coinhive generated the script as an alternative to advertisements; a website or app could embed it, and use website visitor's CPU to mine the cryptocurrency while the visitor is consuming the content of the webpage, with the site or app owner getting a percentage of the mined coins. Some websites and apps did this without informing visitors, and some hackers implemented it in way that drained visitors' CPUs. As a result, the script was blocked by companies offering ad blocking subscription lists, antivirus services, and antimalware services.
In January 2018, Bloomberg suggested the hackers who stole approximately 500 million NEM tokens ($530 million) from Coincheck would find it challenging to launder them by selling them for Monero since at least one exchange, ShapeShift, had blocked NEM addresses associated with the theft.
In the first half of 2018, Monero was used in 44% of cryptocurrency ransomware attacks.
In November 2018, Bail Bloc released a mobile app that mines Monero to raise funds for low-income defendants who cannot otherwise cover their own bail.
Privacy features
Monero GUI 0.12.3.0 on Windows 10
Monero enforces privacy by default. It uses different technologies that complement each other to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It aims to meet two criteria: untraceability (having multiple possible senders for a transaction) and unlinkability (being unable to prove that multiple transactions were sent to the same person). Untraceability protects the sender with ring signatures, while unlinkability protects the receiver with stealth addresses.
Ring signatures
Monero is based on the CryptoNote protocol, which deploys one-time ring signatures as the core cryptographic primitive to provide anonymity. Ring Confidential Transactions (RingCTs), a variant of linkable ring signatures, were implemented on 10 January 2017. RingCTs have two components. The first is Multilayered Linkable Spontaneous Anonymous Group (MLSAG) ring signatures, which obfuscate the sender of a transaction. The second is Confidential Transactions (CTs), which use the Pedersen commitment to hide transaction amounts.
Stealth addresses
Monero generates one-time stealth addresses to hide the address of the recipient using the Dual-Key Stealth Address Protocol (DKSAP). It is generated by the sender on behalf of the recipient using two pieces of information. The first is a shared secret produced by the elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) key agreement. The second is the public key of the recipient who actively scans the blockchain, detects if a transaction is intended for their address, and recovers the private key for this one-time public key to access the funds.
Bulletproofs
In October 2018, Monero implemented bulletproofs, a non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (NIZKP) protocol. It replaced the Borromean ring signatures used in RingCT's range proofs. Bulletproofs substantially reduced the size of transactions, resulting in faster verification times and lower fees.
Dandelion++
Monero uses an unusual method of transaction broadcast propagation to obscure the IP address of the device broadcasting the transaction. The signed transaction is initially passed to only one node and a probablistic method is used to determine when a new signed transaction should be broadcast to all nodes as normal.
Mining
Monero is designed to be resistant to application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) mining, which is commonly used to mine other cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. It can be mined somewhat efficiently on consumer grade hardware such as x86, x86-64, ARM and GPUs, and as a result it is popular among malware-based miners.
Monero introduced the RandomX proof of work algorithm in November 2019 to further increase resistance to ASIC mining.
Transaction linkability
In April 2017, researchers highlighted three major threats to Monero users' privacy. The first relies on leveraging the ring signature size of zero, and ability to see the output amounts. The second, "Leveraging Output Merging", involves tracking transactions where two outputs belong to the same user, such as when they send funds to themselves ("churning"). Finally, "Temporal Analysis", shows that predicting the right output in a ring signature could potentially be easier than previously thought. The Monero development team responded that they had already addressed the first concern with the introduction of RingCTs in January 2017, as well as mandating a minimum size of ring signatures in March 2016.
In 2018, researchers presented possible vulnerabilities in a paper titled "An Empirical Analysis of Traceability in the Monero Blockchain". The Monero team responded in March 2018.
Regulatory responses
Monero and other privacy-oriented currencies have concerned regulators targeting illicit activities and money laundering. Exchanges in South Korea and Australia have delisted Monero and other privacy coins due to regulatory pressure. In September 2020, the IRS Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI) division offered up to $625,000 to contractors who can trace transactions or provide statistical probabilities that connect transaction data to specific users in Monero or Bitcoin's Lightning Network. On 30 September, the IRS awarded one-year contracts to data analysis firms Integra FEC and Chainalysis.
ethereum хешрейт мониторинг bitcoin bitcoin pizza
bitcoin google
bitcoin nvidia капитализация bitcoin bitcoin explorer
putin bitcoin bitcoin баланс куплю bitcoin bitcoin calc bitcoin валюты token bitcoin market bitcoin
bitcoin xbt Ethereum Virtual Machine Gas - 4капитализация bitcoin bitcoin сша payoneer bitcoin bitcoin pay bitcoin продать bitcoin проект котировка bitcoin monero xmr bitcoin 2018 tether скачать More philosophically, zero is emblematic of the void, as Aczel describes it:bitcoin сколько генераторы bitcoin bitcoin swiss bitcoin compromised
сервисы bitcoin хардфорк monero перевод ethereum config bitcoin bitcoin de metatrader bitcoin forbot bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin tether provisioning рубли bitcoin bitcoin sec
bitcoin авито bitcoin reindex bitcoin программа bitcoin установка блоки bitcoin
bitcoin лого tether 2 bitcoin презентация q bitcoin bitcoin scanner андроид bitcoin bitcoin tools bitcoin суть bitcoin calc вики bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin майнинга bitcoin bitcoin 9000 блокчейна ethereum капитализация bitcoin bitcoin farm биржа monero 1080 ethereum bitcoin miner bitcoin okpay dag ethereum pow bitcoin ethereum calc bitcoin clock bitcoin delphi monero валюта doubler bitcoin bitcoin multibit пример bitcoin bitcoin paw bitcoin кредиты wild bitcoin tradingview bitcoin bitcoin 123 bitcoin новости сеть ethereum майнить bitcoin
ethereum news air bitcoin bitcoin india kinolix bitcoin The issue of voluntary organization and the power dynamics that result from it can result in the perception that specific people or groups are authorities, but this is an illusion of power.bitcoin dance сложность ethereum 50000 bitcoin The economic value of cryptocurrency, like all goods and services, comes from supply and demand.widget bitcoin ethereum vk lucky bitcoin the ethereum ethereum mining bitcoin адреса аналоги bitcoin email bitcoin loans bitcoin bitcoin block
reddit cryptocurrency уязвимости bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin 4000 bitcoin
bitcoin bbc получить ethereum обналичить bitcoin ethereum калькулятор monero amd wmz bitcoin monero биржи
обменники bitcoin
bitcoin статистика протокол bitcoin casino bitcoin In any financial system, errors in transaction-logging can create disagreements between parties because balances will appear incorrect, or transactions will be missing. If disagreements are constant, the system is not usable. Whether in a paper ledger or a digital database, cheaters or saboteurs who want to erroneously increase their own balance (or simply wreak havoc) need only to change the order of transactions (ie., their timestamp) or delete them outright to cheat other participants.bitcoin крах
ethereum transaction cryptocurrency tech картинка bitcoin calculator ethereum
ethereum википедия rx580 monero займ bitcoin scrypt bitcoin bitcoin conference платформ ethereum bitcoin agario To determine which path is most valid and prevent multiple chains, Ethereum uses a mechanism called the 'GHOST protocol.'wisdom bitcoin скрипты bitcoin bitcoin count ethereum pool sgminer monero erc20 ethereum amd bitcoin airbit bitcoin bitcoin advcash bitcoin обсуждение zcash bitcoin bitcoin завести bitcoin start ethereum стоимость cryptocurrency faucet bear bitcoin япония bitcoin bitcoin valet консультации bitcoin проект bitcoin bitcoin best bitcoin exe особенности ethereum обои bitcoin wordpress bitcoin monero кран bitcoin roulette bitcoin swiss faucet cryptocurrency earn bitcoin antminer bitcoin polkadot stingray
bitcoin conference zcash bitcoin bitcoin official bitcoin alliance bitcoin кошелек lamborghini bitcoin to bitcoin best cryptocurrency ropsten ethereum As is the case with any monetary asset, scarcity is the monetary property that backs the dollar, but the dollar is only scarce relative to the amount of dollar-denominated debt that exists. And it now has real competition in the form of bitcoin. The dollar system and its lack of inherent monetary properties provides a stark contrast to the monetary properties emergent and inherent in bitcoin. Dollar scarcity is relative; bitcoin scarcity is absolute. The dollar system is based on trust; bitcoin is not. The dollar’s supply is governed by a central bank, whereas bitcoin’s supply is governed by a consensus of market participants. The supply of dollars will always be wed to the size of its credit system, whereas the supply of bitcoin is entirely divorced from the function of credit. And, the cost to create dollars is marginally zero, whereas the cost to create bitcoin is tangible and ever increasing. Ultimately, bitcoin’s monetary properties are emergent and increasingly unmanipulable, whereas the dollar is inherently and increasingly manipulable.bubble bitcoin обменник monero переводчик bitcoin
mac bitcoin
x2 bitcoin знак bitcoin bitcoin регистрация neo cryptocurrency майнить ethereum
buy tether Imagine entering a Formula One race. If you were driving a Ford Fiesta but everyone else was driving a Ferrari, do you think you would have a chance of winning? You would have no chance!bitcoin knots A digital wallet to store the Bitcoin you make.bitcoin heist secp256k1 ethereum trade bitcoin bitcoin статистика bitcoin основы ethereum online battle bitcoin
ubuntu bitcoin 999 bitcoin bitcoin register sgminer monero ethereum logo
capitalization bitcoin
bitcoin avto bitcoin hack
ethereum pool mac bitcoin bitcoin gadget
падение ethereum займ bitcoin The block size limit, in concert with the proof-of-work difficulty adjustment settings of bitcoin's consensus protocol, constitutes a bottleneck in bitcoin's transaction processing capacity. This can result in increasing transaction fees and delayed processing of transactions that cannot be fit into a block. Various proposals have come forth on how to scale bitcoin, and a contentious debate has resulted. Business Insider in 2017 characterized this debate as an 'ideological battle over bitcoin's future.'ethereum news
bitcoin virus 'Because proof of stake removes energy-intensive equation solving, it’s much more efficient than proof of work, allowing for faster verification/confirmation times for transactions,' says Anton Altement, CEO of Osom Finance.bitcoin token bitcoin сети byzantium ethereum ethereum кошельки bitcoin plugin порт bitcoin исходники bitcoin claymore monero обменники ethereum bitcoin вирус bitcoin purchase bitcoin swiss monero обменник Bitcoins are divisible to 0.00000001, so there being fewer bitcoins remaining is not a problem for the currency itself. If you lose your coins, indirectly all other coins are worth more due to the reduced supply. Consider it a donation to all other bitcoin users.надежность bitcoin bitcoin novosti store bitcoin fund capital-intensive enterprises that had a relatively low risk profile: businesses, farms, and local governments. In the 14th century Lowlands, two economic profiles emerged. In the coastal area, with sandy soils and regularlySuch problems can be avoided with blockchain technology, as it facilitates traceability across the entire supply chain. Blockchain technology can be used to track all types of transactions in a very secure and transparent manner. e) Ethereum Mining Vs. Bitcoin Miningbitcoin лайткоин cronox bitcoin bitcoin cloud bitcoin стратегия bitcoin tails bitcoin это tether пополнение bus bitcoin bitcoin qiwi проект bitcoin Byzantine fault tolerance. Of course, the requirements for an Internet currency without a central authority are more stringent. A distributed ledger will inevitably have forks, which means that some nodes will think block A is the latest block, while other nodes will think it is block B. This could be because of an adversary trying to disrupt the ledger's operation or simply because of network latency, resulting in blocks occasionally being generated near-simultaneously by different nodes unaware of each other's blocks. Linked timestamping alone is not enough to resolve forks, as was shown by Mike Just in 1998.26cardano cryptocurrency ethereum blockchain bitcoin видео bitcoin фарм bitcoin loans bitcoin nedir
bitcoin knots boom bitcoin dog bitcoin nodes bitcoin ethereum news биржа ethereum bitcoin change wikileaks bitcoin bitcoin yen
bitcoin payza bitcoin презентация bitcoin click аккаунт bitcoin tether майнить
segwit2x bitcoin bitcoin world wallpaper bitcoin bitcoin center исходники bitcoin заработка bitcoin
charts bitcoin monero калькулятор bitcoin iq bitcoin скрипт faucet bitcoin coingecko ethereum As such, enterprises prefer using a unique form of blockchain called 'permissioned' chains, limiting the number of nodes entering the network. Permissioned chains can also be differentiated into public permissioned and private permissioned blockchains.forbot bitcoin получение bitcoin bitcoin scripting bitcoin click
express bitcoin okpay bitcoin
python bitcoin monero cpu bitcoin rotator amazon bitcoin
casper ethereum bitcoin обучение сбербанк bitcoin ethereum faucet email bitcoin ethereum programming surf bitcoin bitcoin торрент bitcoin лохотрон график bitcoin
777 bitcoin блокчейн bitcoin r bitcoin краны monero
майнер ethereum bitcoin lion bitcoin blog 3d bitcoin bitcoin графики 600 bitcoin bitcoin webmoney tails bitcoin инструкция bitcoin
bitcoin etherium bitcoin майнить
платформ ethereum bitcoin rub вывод ethereum Because of the way Ethereum is built, block times are much lower (-15 seconds) than those of other blockchains, like Bitcoin (-10 minutes). This enables faster transaction processing. However, one of the downsides of shorter block times is that more competing block solutions are found by miners. These competing blocks are also referred to as 'orphaned blocks' (i.e. mined blocks do not make it into the main chain).Each of these is called a 'node' in Ethereum’s network. Every time an Ethereum smart contract is used, a network of thousands of computers processes it, making sure the user is following the rules. block bitcoin yandex bitcoin bitcoin cost bitcoin linux порт bitcoin bitcoin surf ethereum сайт
ethereum android ethereum stats
monero spelunker flash bitcoin bitcoin форк перевести bitcoin uk bitcoin tinkoff bitcoin top bitcoin автомат bitcoin facebook bitcoin cryptocurrency trading bitcoin бонусы ethereum проекты bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin luxury bitcoin maps bitcoin widget bitcoin node bitcoin strategy bitcoin презентация bitcoin youtube carding bitcoin autobot bitcoin bitcoin ethereum ethereum calculator p2p bitcoin webmoney bitcoin bitcoin earnings bitcoin получение bitcoin bonus взлом bitcoin monero hardware bitcoin com loans bitcoin bitcoin покер раздача bitcoin bitcoin таблица bitcoin сеть bitcoin получить bitcoin usa short bitcoin
3d bitcoin
jaxx bitcoin адрес ethereum monero bitcointalk ethereum создатель autobot bitcoin capitalization cryptocurrency coingecko ethereum
ethereum miner After people realized the barter system didn’t work very well, the currency went through a few iterations: In 110 B.C., an official currency was minted; in A.D. 1250, gold-plated florins were introduced and used across Europe; and from 1600 to 1900, the paper currency gained widespread popularity and ended up being used around the world. This is how modern currency as we know it came into existence.usb tether
bitcoin mmgp ethereum usd игра ethereum bitcoin green bitcoin online ethereum отзывы проблемы bitcoin bitcoin armory hash bitcoin обменять monero blake bitcoin валюта monero hacking bitcoin книга bitcoin token ethereum
ethereum client accept bitcoin
магазины bitcoin check bitcoin iso bitcoin теханализ bitcoin фарм bitcoin bitcoin заработок деньги bitcoin
торги bitcoin san bitcoin bitcoin покупка roulette bitcoin bitcoin frog mt4 bitcoin machine bitcoin monero proxy
bitcoin synchronization bitcoin seed bitcoin openssl bitcoin ne ethereum news collector bitcoin bitcoin future
txid bitcoin проекта ethereum
bitcoin вектор carding bitcoin
bitcoin asic iphone tether cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin utopia bitcoin вконтакте ethereum contract bitcoin btc
bitcoin script bitcoin pay bitcoin зарегистрироваться tether криптовалюта проект ethereum новости monero bitcoin spinner monero dwarfpool bitcoin андроид приложение tether tether limited iphone tether monero pool bitcoin fpga ethereum com Example: 7,997,769 (99.97%)bitcoin converter bitcoin dark bitcoin значок cardano cryptocurrency bitcoin mail bitcoin кошелек получение bitcoin bitcoin click monero кран maps bitcoin ethereum block bitcoin s monero пул вклады bitcoin bitcoin hosting bitcoin сбор sell ethereum bitcoin instaforex cryptocurrency это ethereum видеокарты bitcoin auto курс tether 6000 bitcoin bitcoin hardfork зарегистрироваться bitcoin отзывы ethereum bitcoin nasdaq ethereum os bitcoin hd
карты bitcoin rocket bitcoin monero nvidia ethereum homestead ethereum цена project ethereum ethereum poloniex bitcoin исходники ethereum сайт abi ethereum satoshi bitcoin donate bitcoin dollar bitcoin
space bitcoin bitcoin fork monero pool investment bitcoin ethereum swarm графики bitcoin отзывы ethereum приложения bitcoin bitcoin cracker bitcoin center monero fr bitcoin блог лото bitcoin Hash functionRandomXclicks bitcoin bitcoin p2p эфир bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin ethereum stratum bitcoin qr new bitcoin bitcoin china swiss bitcoin получение bitcoin bitcoin перспективы
6000 bitcoin bear bitcoin bitcoin котировка bitcoin hosting bitcoin buy транзакции ethereum 2016 bitcoin konverter bitcoin
polkadot ico bitcoin удвоитель новый bitcoin dark bitcoin андроид bitcoin bitcoin local ethereum транзакции donate bitcoin erc20 ethereum ethereum com добыча ethereum bitcoin зебра bitcoin подтверждение pps bitcoin курсы ethereum finney ethereum
monero usd ethereum blockchain bitcoin fan bitcoin лого bitcoin краны bitcoin лохотрон
bitcoin hacker usb tether ethereum serpent conference bitcoin токен bitcoin bitcoin phoenix faucet ethereum monster bitcoin валюта tether bitcoin комментарии magic bitcoin video bitcoin bitcoin motherboard monero github ru bitcoin 1 monero bitcoin pay
bitcoin gif torrent bitcoin
валюта tether monster bitcoin bitcoin moneypolo
bitcoin hunter bitcoin javascript paypal bitcoin bitcoin получить antminer bitcoin bitcoin qazanmaq
rx560 monero auction bitcoin keystore ethereum
vizit bitcoin майнить monero monero обмен ethereum client ethereum block куплю ethereum ethereum акции сети ethereum block bitcoin get bitcoin
bitcoin 20 bitcoin co bitcoin login bitcoin dogecoin bitcoin бесплатные форк bitcoin monero вывод bitcoin ann Ключевое слово bitcoin 2000 bitcoin приложения ninjatrader bitcoin flash bitcoin pps bitcoin bit bitcoin